Extracellular polysaccharides are important determinants for bacterial biofilm formation that are secreted by ill-characterized synthase-dependent systems. Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and CNRS reveal that Escherichia coli secretes cellulose by a conserved multicomponent membrane-embedded complex with a megadalton-sized asymmetric architecture. This study lays the foundation for more comprehensive models of synthase-dependent exopolysaccharide secretion in biofilms and adds a sophisticated secretory nanomachine to the diverse bacterial arsenal for virulence and adaptation.
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