About
Equilibrium affinity constants (Kd) of protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions can be determined by performing titrations, and monitoring the extrinsic or intrinsic fluorescence of partners by Fluorescence spectroscopy (intensity or anisotropy) or by Microscale thermophoresis (LabelFree or NT-115)
SPR (Biacore T200, GE Healthcare,) and BLI (OctetRed384, ForteBio) allow to monitor molecular interactions in real time, and to determine the rates of association (kon) and dissociation (koff) of biomolecular complexes
Isothermal microcalorimetry (VP-ITC and ITC200) enables the thermodynamic characterization of molecular interactions in solution (determination of reaction enthalpy and entropy)