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  • center
  • program_project
  • nrc
  • whocc
  • project
  • software
  • tool
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  • Assistant Professor
  • Associate Professor
  • Clinical Research Assistant
  • Clinical Research Nurse
  • Clinician Researcher
  • Department Manager
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  • Lab assistant
  • Master Student
  • Non-permanent Researcher
  • Nursing Staff
  • Permanent Researcher
  • Pharmacist
  • PhD Student
  • Physician
  • Post-doc
  • Prize
  • Project Manager
  • Research Associate
  • Research Engineer
  • Retired scientist
  • Technician
  • Undergraduate Student
  • Veterinary
  • Visiting Scientist
  • Deputy Director of Center
  • Deputy Director of Department
  • Deputy Director of National Reference Center
  • Deputy Head of Facility
  • Director of Center
  • Director of Department
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© Thomas Wollert
Scientific Fields
Diseases
Organisms
Applications
Technique

Published in Current biology : CB - 22 Jul 2019

Wollert T

Link to Pubmed [PMID] – 31336079

Curr. Biol. 2019 Jul;29(14):R671-R677

In 1955, the biologist and Nobel Prize laureate Christian de Duve discovered that cells possess specialized organelles filled with hydrolytic enzymes and he called these organelles lysosomes. At the same time, electron microscopy studies by Novikoff and colleagues showed that intracellular dense bodies, which later turned out to be lysosomes, contain cytoplasmic components. Together, these groundbreaking observations revealed that cells can deliver cytoplasmic components to lysosomes for degradation. The hallmark of this degradative process, which de Duve called autophagy, is the formation of double-membrane-limited vesicles. Further morphological characterization of these vesicles (autophagosomes) revealed that they mainly contain bulk cytoplasm. Although this suggested that autophagy leads to a non-selective degradation of cytoplasmic material, de Duve anticipated that a regulated and selective type of this pathway must also exist. Today we know that, under normal conditions, macroautophagy is a highly selective pathway that sequesters damaged or superfluous material from the cytoplasm through the formation of double-membrane-limited autophagosomes. Upon fusion with lysosomes, the content of autophagosomes is degraded and the resulting building blocks are released into the cytoplasm. However, in response to cytotoxic stress or starvation, cells start to produce autophagosomes that capture bulk cytoplasm non-selectively. This stress response is essential for cells to survive adverse environmental conditions, whereas the selective sequestration of cargo is important to maintain cellular homeostasis.