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© Artur Scherf
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Red Blood Cell infected by Plasmodium falciparum.
Publication : BMC medicine

The effect of dosing strategies on the therapeutic efficacy of artesunate-amodiaquine for uncomplicated malaria: a meta-analysis of individual patient data

Scientific Fields
Diseases
Organisms
Applications
Technique

Published in BMC medicine - 31 Mar 2015

Adjuik MA, Allan R, Anvikar AR, Ashley EA, Ba MS, Barennes H, Barnes KI, Bassat Q, Baudin E, Björkman A, Bompart F, Bonnet M, Borrmann S, Brasseur P, Bukirwa H, Checchi F, Cot M, Dahal P, D'Alessandro U, Deloron P, Desai M, Diap G, Djimde AA, Dorsey G, Doumbo OK, Espié E, Etard JF, Fanello CI, Faucher JF, Faye B, Flegg JA, Gaye O, Gething PW, González R, Grandesso F, Guerin PJ, Guthmann JP, Hamour S, Hasugian AR, Hay SI, Humphreys GS, Jullien V, Juma E, Kamya MR, Karema C, Kiechel JR, Kremsner PG, Krishna S, Lameyre V, Ibrahim LM, Lee SJ, Lell B, Mårtensson A, Massougbodji A, Menan H, Ménard D, Menéndez C, Meremikwu M, Moreira C, Nabasumba C, Nambozi M, Ndiaye JL, Nikiema F, Nsanzabana C, Ntoumi F, Ogutu BR, Olliaro P, Osorio L, Ouédraogo JB, Penali LK, Pene M, Pinoges L, Piola P, Price RN, Roper C, Rosenthal PJ, Rwagacondo CE, Same-Ekobo A, Schramm B, Seck A, Sharma B, Sibley CH, Sinou V, Sirima SB, Smith JJ, Smithuis F, Somé FA, Sow D, Staedke SG, Stepniewska K, Swarthout TD, Sylla K, Talisuna AO, Tarning J, Taylor WR, Temu EA, Thwing JI, Tjitra E, Tine RC, Tinto H, Vaillant MT, Valecha N, Van den Broek I, White NJ, Yeka A, Zongo I

Link to Pubmed [PMID] – 25888957

BMC Med 2015 Mar;13:66

BACKGROUND: Artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) is one of the most widely used artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa. We investigated the impact of different dosing strategies on the efficacy of this combination for the treatment of falciparum malaria.

METHODS: Individual patient data from AS-AQ clinical trials were pooled using the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) standardised methodology. Risk factors for treatment failure were identified using a Cox regression model with shared frailty across study sites.

RESULTS: Forty-three studies representing 9,106 treatments from 1999-2012 were included in the analysis; 4,138 (45.4%) treatments were with a fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (FDC), 1,293 (14.2%) with a non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 25 mg/kg (loose NFDC-25), 2,418 (26.6%) with a non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (loose NFDC-30), and the remaining 1,257 (13.8%) with a co-blistered non-fixed dose combination with an AQ target dose of 30 mg/kg (co-blistered NFDC). The median dose of AQ administered was 32.1 mg/kg [IQR: 25.9-38.2], the highest dose being administered to patients treated with co-blistered NFDC (median = 35.3 mg/kg [IQR: 30.6-43.7]) and the lowest to those treated with loose NFDC-25 (median = 25.0 mg/kg [IQR: 22.7-25.0]). Patients treated with FDC received a median dose of 32.4 mg/kg [IQR: 27-39.0]. After adjusting for reinfections, the corrected antimalarial efficacy on day 28 after treatment was similar for co-blistered NFDC (97.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 97.0-98.8%]) and FDC (98.1% [95% CI: 97.6%-98.5%]; P = 0.799), but significantly lower for the loose NFDC-25 (93.4% [95% CI: 91.9%-94.9%]), and loose NFDC-30 (95.0% [95% CI: 94.1%-95.9%]) (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). After controlling for age, AQ dose, baseline parasitemia and region; treatment with loose NFDC-25 was associated with a 3.5-fold greater risk of recrudescence by day 28 (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR = 3.51 [95% CI: 2.02-6.12], P < 0.001) compared to FDC, and treatment with loose NFDC-30 was associated with a higher risk of recrudescence at only three sites.

CONCLUSIONS: There was substantial variation in the total dose of amodiaquine administered in different AS-AQ combination regimens. Fixed dose AS-AQ combinations ensure optimal dosing and provide higher antimalarial treatment efficacy than the loose individual tablets in all age categories.